Intravenous Paracetamol to manage pain Research Proposal

Intravenous Paracetamol to manage pain - Research Proposal Example Patients are bound to experience pain after the effect of anaesthesia given before surgery is finally gone. White et al (2010) had reported a result of surveys in Europe and the USA, stating the need to improve the quality of managing pain after surgeries. The practice then was to use opioids which have multiple adverse effects (AEs): constipation, urinary retention, vomiting/nausea, allergic reactions, confusion, sedation, respiratory depression, and hypotension. These AEs increased the cost of hospitalization and delayed the recovery of patients. A better way of managing pain was then under clinical trials for 15 years. It involved the use of analgesics that require less opioids. There was no FDA approved Intravenous Acetaminophen at that time. Cadence Pharmaceuticals Inc. patented the first I.V. Paracetamol in July 8, 2011 (US SEC 2011) and produced Ofirmev which, until the present, does not have a competitor worldwide due to the recognized protection for intellectual property. Th is gathered evidence about the efficacy and safety of using Ofirmev (the only available US FDA approved Intravenous Acetaminophen in the market), how it benefits patients, and actually improved the quality of pain management. There were evidences based on actual clinical trials with patients that proved the efficacy and safety of Intravenous Paracetamol to neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, and even the elderly with age 65 years old and above, for mild, moderate, and severe cases of pain, especially postoperative pain. Introduction Focus is given to the extent of actual benefits observed in many clinical trials, limitations, and clarifications pertaining to the use of I.V. Paracetamol use for postoperative pain management. As a background, over a year after the introduction of the US FDA approved injectable pain reliever under the brand name Ofirmev, doctors have pursued further clinical trials in Europe and the USA covering thousands of patients. One of the reference s of this paper took the effort to search for registered clinical trials in order to learn more about efficacy, safety, proportion of patients who responded favourably or not, to mostly postoperative cases. It would be interesting to know under what conditions I.V. Acetaminophen should be administered to patients. What procedures were followed? Why? There are very young to very old patients who encounter the need for surgery. How should it be given? In actual experiences, was it safe to administer the use of this analgesic to any of such patients? What are the chances of having a satisfied postoperative patient after using Ofirmev? For one thing, doctors excluded patients with symptoms pointing to contraindications against the use of Intravenous Acetaminophen. These are situations wherein patients have severe liver disease, hepatic impairment and active hepatic disease, allergic to acetaminophen, chronic malnutrition, severe renal impairment, and to patients with history of being al coholic. The US FDA (2012a) announced that the limitation per dosage of acetaminophen should be 325 mg. while the total maximum dosage per day must not exceed 4 grams. For infants, the recommended dose of the US FDA for acetaminophen in vial is only 50 mL per child weighing less than 33 kg. (US FDA 2012b, p.12) There were cases of acetaminophen over dosages in infants and adults in the past. For adults, from 1998 to 2003, a total of 131 people experienced â€Å"acute liver failure in the United States† due to acetaminophen overdose (US FDA 2012a). Nonetheless, the medical practice has changed from using mostly opioids like morphine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to the preferred use of Intravenous Acetaminophen in combination with less opioids only when needed, for reasons that will be disclosed in this paper. Problem and Purpose Quality management of postoperative pain requires provisions for the comfortable recovery of patients right after surgery. Unfor tunately, the use of opioids to

What is an Outcome Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is an Outcome - Assignment Example What is theoretical probability? It is the probability that assumes that all outcomes in a sample space are equally likely to occur What is relative frequency method or empirical probability? Empirical probability relies on actual experience to determine the outcome of outcomes What is subjective probability? Subjective probability uses probability value based on an educated guess employing opinions and inexact information. What is a probability distribution? It consists of the values a random variable can assume and the corresponding probabilities of the values which are determined through experiment or through observation. What are the odds of an event? Odds of an event are applied in gambling games to make them fair. What is the multiplication principal for finding number of outcomes? P(A ∠©B)=P(B\A)Ãâ€"P(A) Chapter 7 section B What are independent events? Events can be independent if occurence of one of the events does not affect the probability of another occurring. How do we find the probability of two or more independent events happening at same time? Multiplication of the individual probabilities for each of the events What is the probability of rolling a single die three times and getting a six on all three rolls?

Ethics and Morality Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Morality Essay [You must use APA formatting for your papers, which includes correct formatting for the cover sheet, double-spacing throughout the document and correct formatting for the reference sheet. Please check out the Cover Sheet Template to start yourself off right: Go to the Library tab, click on the APA Information link in the Useful Links box on the right-hand side of the page. Scroll down and you’ll find the Cover Sheet Template. APA formatting shouldn’t stand in the way of you earning full points! ] A very good example! It’s very important that you take the time to truly understand what you’re writing about, then develop a clear, concise outline to help you write your paper. Write simply and concisely: just like you talk! Many of your sentences are very unclear, to the point where I wasn’t sure what you were attempting to say. Most unfortunately as well, you did not cite any of the research noted on your reference sheet in the text of your paper. Not giving proper credit to the authors is considered plagiarism. As stated in the Syllabus, Instructor Policies and posted earlier in the Main forum, this has resulted in an automatic 50% grade point reduction. Always review the syllabus, instructor policies and rubrics carefully to ensure you’ve covered everything that’s required. When in doubt, contact your instructor! SEE RUBRIC AT END OF PAPER? Ethics and Morals [Always indent paragraphs in APA]Virtue Theory, Utilitarianism, and Deontological ethics tries to install [wrong word] what the basis of living is as a virtuous person. [Don’t forget to cite the research from your readings where you learned these concepts! ] These ethics address the similarities and differences of how the rules of conduct are recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions. [Actually, the theories don’t address the similarities and differences in rules of conduct. They attempt to define rules of conduct. Your task with these assignment is to identify the similarities and differences between the theories. ] The ideal of goodness is the opinion of the similarities and the differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological. [Actually the ideal of goodness derives from various aspects of these theories – not their differences and similarities] Sometimes ethics is used interchangeably with morality to define or describe good character. [Don’t forget your preview statement to tell your reader what you plan to discuss and in what order. See the Writing Framework posted on the Course Materials OLS forum for guidance] [Don’t forget subheadings as noted in the Student Sample paper posted on the Course Materials OLS forum and rubric] The likenesses between these theories are that ethics are ways to understand how people become moral human beings and figure out how to make good decisions. In virtue theory the morality is learning how to apply what was taught. [True – If the person’s character is good, then he or she is virtuous – regardless of his or her actions. ] Utilitarianism’s approach to ethics can be characterized as a person of no good behavior known as no moral good[Awkwardly written. Utilitarianism refers to the importance of the community over the individual. ]. The deontological theory in ethics focuses on the actions a person performs. If the action is beneficial to the well being of others as it is beneficial to the community the act is considered good. [Awkwardly written: If the act itself is considered beneficial to the community, then the person is considered good.] The unlikeness between these theories are that virtue theory cannot be contrasted with morality, as of deontological theory can be contrast with morality. Ethics is supposed to provide us with moral principle leading to difference of working virtue theory. The deontological theory approaches morality as the focus on the desire to, and want to accomplish goals by action. Utilitarianism approaches to morality as the means of no moral act, the act of doing wrong with the acknowledgement of wrong doing. [Always proofread carefully from your reader’s perspective. I’m not sure what you’re saying at all in this paragraph.] The personal experience that was explained in relationship to virtue, value, and moral concepts as it relates to one of the three theories[awkwardly written]. Mary asked [keep your tenses consistent] John the supervisor for a partial day off so she could take her daughter to the doctor for a checkup, but she was really going camping with her daughter and she needed to leave early. John agreed to give the partial day off and Mary was to leave at 2:00 p. m. , but Mary left earlier then she was suppose [sp] to leave. She left at 12:00 noon and still wanted to get paid for the two hours of work on her time schedule. On the virtue part if Mary had not chosen to lie about why she needed to take off from work, she would not have lost her job. [Good point. Be sure to tell your reader than because she was dishonest to her supervisor, she was fired. ] Because Mary lied about the need for the day off she did not value her job very well. Had she chosen to tell the truth she would have still had a job. [Good example! Which of the theory is most relevant to this example? ] In conclusion, ethics and morals played a major role in all three parts of the theory. [Actually, they are three separate theories.] The three theories represent the moral excellences, the ethical doctrine and moral obligation of a virtuous person. Theories are defined according to rules of the guidelines of the community. [A good conclusion summarizes the key points from the paper and does not introduce new ideas. See the Writing Framework for guidance about writing conclusions. ] References: http://www. papercamp. com/essay/73128/Similarities-And-Differences-Between-Virtue-Th http://www. iep. utm. edu/virtue/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Utilitarianism http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Morality http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ethics http://www. buzzle. com/articles/difference-between-ethics-and-morality. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deontological_ethics http://www. tere. org/assets/downloads/secondary/pdf_downloads/ALevel/VirtueTheory. pdf http://www. ila-net. org/Members/Directory/DownloadS/Antonakis-Ciulla-13. pdf http://dictionary. reference. com/ WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT FEEDBACK Content / Development (50%) Grading Criteria:EGANN/A Subject Matter: All key elements of assignment covered 4. 5 Content is comprehensive/accurate/persuasive 4. 5 Displays an understanding of relevant theory 4. 5Ã'Ž Major points supported by specific details/examples6. 5 Research is appropriate and timely6. 5 Writer has gone beyond textbook for resources6. 5 Higher-Order Thinking: Writer demonstrates clear understanding of how the theories/concepts relate to the topic 12 At the appropriate level, the writer uses critical thinking skills to analyze the topic and show how it can be applied in new and interesting ways 12 Points Earned:57/ 75 Organization (20%) Grading Criteria:EGANN/A Introduction provides sufficient background, thesis previews points 4 Central theme/purpose is immediately clear6Ã'Ž Structure is clear, logical and easy to follow6 Sections/paragraphs are appropriately developed to support theme 6 Conclusion summarizes key points from the papers body 4 Points Earned:26/ 30 Style / Mechanics (30%) Grading Criteria:EGANN/A Format (10)%: Citations/reference page follow APA guidelines 0 Properly cites ideas/information from other sources 0 Paper is laid out effectively uses headings other reader-friendly tools 2. 5 Paper is neat shows attention to detail and appropriate formatting 1. 3 Grammar/Punctuation/Spelling (10%): Rules of grammar, usage, spelling and punctuation are followed 5 Writer has proofread the assignment before posting 5 Readability/Style (10%): Sentences are complete, clear, and concise 2 Sentences are well-constructed with consistently strong, varied structure 2 Transitions between paragraphs/sections help maintain the flow3 Words used are precise and unambiguous 2 The tone is appropriate to the audience, content, and assignment3 Points Earned:25. 8/ 45 Automatic 50% deduction for failing to cite research in text-75 TOTAL POINTS EARNED:34/ 150Ã'Ž

Changing Ethos of the Department of Social Protection

Changing Ethos of the Department of Social Protection REPORT ON THE CHANGING ETHOS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL PROTECTION I am writing about the way the Department of Social Protection has evolved since the recession in 2009.   How their Services were delivered and the changes that have been implemented over the past few years.   The Department of Social Protection plays a part in everyones life at some stage. The aim of the Department is to provide citizens with information, financial support and other services they require in a timely customer-friendly manner.   This report will outline the evolution of the Department in the last few years and the way they have changed their working practices and also more importantly the way the unemployed are treated when first coming into contact with the Department of Social Protection. Department of Social Protection Before 2012 Passive income maintenance expenditures rose very rapidly as unemployment climbed after 2008; the response in terms of expenditure on labor market programmes inevitably lagged somewhat. The Jobs Initiative and Community Employment Schemes were changed and modified.   Jobs Initiative which is amount paid for the Job was introduced in the 1990s it was targeted towards the unemployed over 35yrears of age and unemployed for more than 5yrs.   The jobs were created in the community and participants were paid the market rate.   The Community Employment schemes were also introduced and expanded during the 90s participants would work part time hours in the community and earn additional money to supplement their Lone Parents or Disability payment.   The criteria for additional payment were that they had to be on Lone Parents or Dept. Payment.  Ã‚  Ã‚   They also provided excellent training allowance to enhance the skills and qualifications of those on the scheme.   The Scheme would last anything up to 12 months to 24 months.   These schemes re-energized underprivileged areas all over major cities in Ireland.   Some of the C.E. Schemes made a great benefit to people and they used it to gain skills and experience in order to move into the open job market. Fas the training agency concentrated on long term training rather than short term training courses.   The training courses were not geared towards up skilling for shortages in the Job Market.   There as a gap between what was needed in the labor market and what training was being provided by Fas. They failed to link in with Companies and factories on skills shortages.   To train people for specific skills shortages to fill contract positions.   A revolving door seemed to happen in the early years of the recession the unemployed were floating from one course to another.  Ã‚   A lot of our students left the country to seek employment in Europe and overseas.   Small towns in Ireland became devoid of young people.   Our educated young were leaving Ireland for a better life. The unemployed were treated badly when signing on for benefits and were made to feel small and worthless.   They were dictated to and treated like children when seeking what they were entitled. ACTION AND REMODELING OF OUR DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND TRAINING CENTRES The Government introduced a Programme a Pathway to Work and Employment Activation Policy for all areas in the community.   Community initiatives were drawn up to increase employment.   The Criteria for C.E. Schemes was changed and those on the dole were only entitled to one payment from the Department of Social Welfare.   The Job Initiative was to be phased out.   Money was to follow employment only; private training companies were to be funded if the Government agencies could not provide relevant job market training.   There was a huge shortage of trained people for the Pharmaceutical Industry; training companies began to spring up providing such training over a 12 month period.   The merger of Dept. of Social Welfare and Community Welfare Service, FAS Community and Employment Services and the redundancy and insolvency payment schemes the Department is now one of the largest public service organizations in the country.  Ã‚   The department now has close relationships w ith employers who are essential partners in getting people into employment.   The Department is developing integrated services with the introduction of Intero this model of service is to enhance the service to the customer. It is a quality service delivery across a wide range of disciplines and programmes to meet the changing needs of our customers.   As the economy is now booming and we are heading towards full employment again the Department has played a pivotal role in 2015 in supporting Irelands economic progress.   Unemployment has fallen from a crisis peak of 15.1 percent to 2012 to 8.8% at the beginning of 2016. The integrated new services are now paying huge dividends to the unemployed. Pathways to work to help the unemployed into work, training and education. The Rollout of the Intreo service meets the key objective in the Statement of Strategy 2011 to 2014 to transform the Department into an integrated, activation focused service provider which puts the customer at the center of all our operations.   In short both a safety net and a springboard.   The Department is determined to deliver a customer service that meets best international standards and maintains the public service that meets best international standards and maintains the public service values of openness, responsiveness, professionalism and good governance.   The Charter and Action Plan will be a focal point to help staff meet this challenge. The most important thing is to be responsive to the customer and the job market.   Keep abreast of the changes to industry and the skills shortage, anticipate demand for skills and retain and up skill the unemployed to meet those challenges.   A proactive organization rather than reactive.   The department will be run as an innovative and strategy orientated body who meets the needs of their customers. Customer Charter was initiated We value your opinion Treat with courtesy and respect Inform you of your rights and entitlements Plan and deliver our employer services to ensure you can support people into employment Protect your information Respect your privacy Consult with you to establish your needs when developing delivering and reviewing our services Provide redress when you have a complaint. We Value your opinion let us know what you think of our service.

contiential not drifting but raising :: essays research papers

A skull of 95 million year old dinosaurs which unearthed from narmada river bed region of India has raised hot debate among researchers. Because the dinosaurs fossils totally contradict with the theory of continental drifting which proposed by German meteorologist Alfred Wagner. According to this theory before 200 million years ago all the present day continents were jointly present and the super continent was called as pangaea.and then splited in two major continents called as northern laurasia and the southern gonduwana.the theory continue to explains... From the gonduwana south America, south africa, antartica, australia, india and Madagascar separated before 150 million year ago and India was splited and drifted northward crossing the equator 70 million year ago and then collided with the Asian continet.due to the collision the Himalayas was formed and the collision also caused earthquake. But based on the study of dinosaur?s skull paleontologist say the dinosaurs that unearthed from the Gurath region was appeared 95 million years ago. The Gujarat dinosaurs have close relation with the dinosaurs that lived in South America and Madagascar. How this species can reach India that evolved after the splitting of these continents. To solve this problem today the supporters of Wagner explained that the splitting of gonduwana splited before 100 millions years ago instead of 150 million years ago. But this explanation was seriously questioned by a dinosaur?s species known as saropod.this saropod dinosaurs appeared just 65 million years ago. The saropod dinosaurs also lived in South America, and Madagascar. During this period the Indian continent splited from this continents and crossed the equator and existed as an island continent which surrounded by ocean. so obviously there is no way for the saropod dinosaurs to reach India. And supporters of Wagner also have no explanation for this question. But paleontologist said saropod dinosaurs entered in to the India before 65 millions years ago. This proves that India has always attached with Asia as now. And also disproved the drifting continents story. If the continents were not drifting then what caused the earthquake? Whale fossils are discovered from simla hill region and Kutch region of gujaath.which indicate the continents are raising from beneath the ocean. And it is become clear the rising of continents from the earth surface caused the earth trembling. PROOF FOR CONTINENTS ARE RISING UPWARD Posted Date : 26/05/2005 - Author: G.Ponmudi Trilobites is a shrimp like creatures which lived 540-560 millions years go under seawater and for some unknown reason they become extinct.

Water and Womanhood in Ancient Greece Essay -- Women in Marine Mytholo

In the times of ancient Greece, there were ample tales, myths, and legends surrounding the realm of the sea; many of which included fearsome beasts, epic struggles, and angered gods. There are tales of vengeance, spite, cruelty, and rage, but there are also those of understanding, compassion, helpfulness, and benevolence. When one subjects many of the more malevolent (and sometimes disturbing) tales to closer inspection, it becomes fairly evident that a great number of these stories use a feminine force in order to display the wraith of the sea and the sea gods or goddesses. In fact, many sea monsters are said to be female including Charybdis and Scylla (the horrors between which Odysseus and his crew must sail through the Strait of Messina), and the sea was often given a female personality and character traits. Ceto, particularly, was the feminine embodiment of the dangers which the sea held, and Amphitrite was one other powerful, feminine sea goddess. The connection between terrors of the sea and the female persona may not be presented with the utmost clarity right away; however, it is possible to use symbolic history, cultural normalities of the time, and a brief glance at the ancient Greek view of sexuality to help discover these mysteries. Symbols for water and womanhood have been known to coincide greatly, essentially since the beginning of the history of recorded symbols. The inverted triangle was an especially prominent emblem when it comes to this matter, as it was used to represent both the flow of water (or sometimes a cup, or chalice), as well as the shape of the female reproductive organs and genitalia. These similarities were not contained only to written symbols, but to rather more abstract symbolism as well. O... ...tainly made theirs far more interesting than many other cultures. Works Cited "Disaster Archaeology - Women in the Marine Mythology of Ancient Mediterranean Their Roles & Symbolisms - By:Dr. George Pararas-Carayannis and Dr. Amanda Laoupi." Disaster Pages of Dr. George PC. Web. . Symbolism between women and water Grimal, Pierre. The Dictionary of Classical Mythology. Oxford, England: Blackwell, 1985. Perseus Digital Library. Web. . Theoi Greek Mythology, Exploring Mythology & the Greek Gods in Classical Literature & Art. Web. . Used for collection of various primary facts Walcot, P. "Greek Attitudes towards Women: The Mythological Evidence." Greece and Rome XXXI.1 (1984). JSTOR. Web. Greek views of sexuality; cultural effects

Mentoring

What Is the Research Topic you are responsible for? The Importance of mentoring to develop fresh graduates In work place. What are the Findings from your Research on this topic? In today's rapidly advancing society, there are many fresh graduates from top colleges and universities with good grades who are still unable to meet their work targets or cope with the pace of work. Before when they enter or just started their first career, they have to face a lot of unknown circumstances and requirements.Therefore, a mentoring program is so much needed to them. Mentoring is the act to build up a relationship between two people; â€Å"mentor† and â€Å"mantle†. Mentor will be providing guidance and shared their knowledge and experiences to develop a realistic expectation of the work. The following is some advantages which important:- 1 . Help to analysis- Mentor can help mantle assess career strengths and weaknesses and also determine future goals. 2. Help to familiarize ? abou t the Important individuals within the field, including sources for new ideas regarding content. 3.Help New Entry smoothly into the new company – become more knowledgeable, understanding and entering into the prevailing culture. 4. Help to provide a safety net – social support In a potentially stressful situation. 5. Help to enhances performance level – giving advice or guides to accelerates learning to support their development. 6. Help to promote development effectively – help to guide the direction and provide feedback, providing technical and professional knowledge and skill to promote development effectively. And also giving proper guidance can avoid the mistakes which will affect performance.In addition to the above, mentoring programs in organizations can be helpful in Improving performance and also achieve higher productivity so may lead to higher lob satisfaction. Thus, mentoring during Induction period can offer support in :- 1 . Help to underst and about the working practices and discuss or guiding about the issues which relating to the role. 2. Conducive to the rapid absorption of cultural and social norms organizations also learn about which they need to know to succeed In lob role. 3. Help or navigate their way when came to a new specific job or particular area of responsibility. . Sharing business information and work skills, accelerate the recesses for the identifying, developing and retaining talent to increase the Job satisfaction. Are there other opinions on this topic? The negative experiences, however, are most often to seen in organization which without a formal mentoring process, example Like not tied to business goal, without tracking system for mentoring relationship and without structure support. Some of those negative is occurs between mentor and mantle, such like mentor which 1 OFF due to a lack of knowledge and interest on the role which as a mentor.What is your conclusion on actions to achieve improvemen ts? Even with the possibility of negative situation than can occur, the strong advantages of mentoring program is a powerful tool to help fresh graduates in their career by increasing productivity, gain a broader perspective, knowledge and insight into the work practices and also develop a realistic expectation of the work. Reference List Kale, L. (2011). Making a Mentoring Relationship Work: What is Required for Organizational Success. Applied Business and Economics, 12, 49-50. Susan, M. (2011). Use Mentoring to Develop Employees [website].